ancient DNA

     studies of, 165—66, 195—96

          in ancient Maya, 170

Ashkenazi Jews

     CMH present in, 84

     descent of, 13, 270

     percentage of Jewish population as, 95

     Q-P36 marker as founding lineage in, 85—87

     Tay-Sachs disease and, 273

beards as a genetic indicator, 58

blood groups

     four classes of, 2

     as key to population relationships, 3, 200

     of Lembas and Falasha Jews, 14

     Native American studies of, by Michael Crawford, 194

     of Peruvian mummies, 10

     Zegura’s genetic studies of, 6

Book of Mormon demographics, 74

     existence of other peoples in the land in, 42—44, 123, 224—49

     historical analysis of the Book of Mormon in, 27—29

Book of Mormon geography, 29—31, 124

     actual location in Americas of, 31, 32

     historical analysis of, 27—29

     Latter-day Saint revelation on, 38—41

     migration from Mesoamerica in, 32—34

     traditions of Latter-day Saints about, 35—37

Book of Mormon language, 49

chromatin, 135—36

     euchromatin, 201

     heterochromatin, 201

codon, 137

Cohen Modal Haplotype (CMH), 83—85, 105

     Lemba and, 9—10, 83—84, 271—72

cystic fibrosis,

     gene studies of, 139, 143

DNA testing

     forensic vs. ancestry, 71—72, 76—77

founder event, 13

     genetic drift and, 170

     Icelandic studies and, 89

     lack of diversity in, 158—59

     local colonization hypothesis and, 121

     Native American populations and, 195—96

     small size of in the Book of Mormon, 122

genetic drift

     definition of, 145—47

     differentiating between natural selection and, 154

     effects of, 121, 122—23, 149—50, 156—57

genome organization, 134—39

global colonization hypothesis, 118—20

glottochronology, 2

Hardy-Weinberg assumptions, 98, 154—61

     violation of by Book of Mormon peoples, 160—61

Hebrew language

     parallels to Native American languages (see Uto-Azecan), 210

     use of by Nephites, 209

     use of in ancient America, 48—51

Thor Heyerdahl’s theory of relationships, 3

Human Genome Project, 111, 137

Icelandic DNA study, 75

Ishmael (in the Book of Mormon)

     Cohen markers and, 84

     as forefather of Lamanites, 37, 86, 234, 279

     founder effect of, 13

     as Josephite, 309

     Lamanite king descendant of, 275

     nonrandom mating and, 161

Ishmael (son of Abraham), 259—60

Israelite, definition of, 258—68, 297—98

Jaredites

     global colonization hypothesis and, 118—19

     migration of, 222—24

          Latter-day Saint commentary on, 227—37, 284—85

Jew, definition of, 268—73

Kennewick man, 8, 90, 169, 172, 173—74

Lamanites

     cultural legacy of, 192—93, 211, 213, 247

     definition of, 37—39, 99—100, 244, 258, 274—76, 279—81

     genetic signature of, 127—28

     global colonization hypothesis and, 118—20

     Hardy-Weinberg assumptions and, 178, 235

     lineage history of, 116—17

     local colonization hypothesis and, 120

     Native Americans descendants of, 79—80, 83, 124, 131—32, 282—85

Lehite, definition of, 273—84

Lemba peoples, Jewish origin of, 9, 13—14, 16, 83—85, 105, 271—72

lexicostatistics, 2

local colonization hypothesis, 121—26

malaria, correspondence of with sickle-cell anemia, 148—49

meiosis, 139—40, 142, 153

mitochondrial DNA

     Amerindian haplogroups in, 7, 98

     composition of, 137—39

     definition of, 5, 134—35

     diversity in Native Americans of, 82

     energy production information, 60

     of Eve, 102, 168

     genetic drift in, 149—50

     of haplotypes of, 167

     Hardy-Weinberg assumptions of, 156

     of Ishmael’s wife, 23

     Jewish studies using, 80, 80—82

     Joseph Chang’s study of, 285—88

     of lineage of Asenath, 82

     of maternal lineage, 71, 137, 142—44, 153—54

     minor role of in tracking ancestry, 74, 203

     mutation of, 164

     Native American study of, 194—95

     recombination of, 163

     studies using, and Y chromosomes, 75

     Maya studies in, 170

     Y-chromosome data, differences between, 174—75

mitosis, 139—40

molecular-clock hypothesis, 145

Mulekites

     Cohen studies and, 84

     genetic signature of, 75—76, 150, 151, 152, 282

     Hardy-Weinberg assumptions, violation of by, 160—61

     intermarriage among, 226—27, 297

     migration of, 38, 56

     Native American origins and, 83, 96

Native American languages, 48—50

Native American origins, 193—200

     Joseph Smith on, 220—24

natural selection

     blood group composition and, 3—4

     definition of, 148

     differentiation between genetic drift and, 154

     effect of on genetic signature, 125

     as violation of Hardy-Weinberg assumption of, 157

Nephites

     definition of, 37—38, 231—32, 243, 274—75, 279

     genetic history of, 116—17

     land of, 29—31, 35

     language of, 226

     nonrandom mating among, 178—79

     population of, 236

neutral theory

     definition of, 145

     deleterious mutations and, 147—48

nuclear genome

     definition of, 134—35

     mitosis and meiosis in, 139—40

     mutation in, 164

nucleosome, 135—36

     definition of, 135

nucleotide, 137

     mutation in, 144—45

phenotype variants in Mesoamerican art, 57—58

Quechua, Semitic origins of, 50

recombination, 125, 138, 140

     tendency to error in, 141

ribosome, 137

scientific analysis, six stages of, 1—2

Sephardic Jews

     Cohen studies in, 84

     percentage of Jewish population as, 95

     Tay-Sachs disease and, 273

sickle-cell anemia

     correspondence of, with malaria, 148—49

Tay-Sachs disease, 272—73

transoceanic migrations, 41—43

     Asia to Ecuador, 54

     Greenland to Vinland, 55

     Indonesia to Madagascar, 54

     Mesoamerican traditions of, 45—47

     Venezuela to Florida, 54

universal genetic code, 134

Uto-Aztecan, Semitic origins of, 15, 50, 210

X chromosome

     inheritance of, 135, 156, 201

     recombination of, 163

Y chromosome

     ambiguity in human data of, 172—74

     Asian origins of, 194

     in Asian source populations, 172

     in Cohen studies, 16, 83—84, 271—72

     genetic drift and, 149—50

     Hardy-Weinberg assumptions and, 156—57

     Jewish and Native American studies of, 85—92, 105

     lack of genetic variation of, 171

     of Lehi, 23

     minor role of in tracking ancestry, 74

     paternal lineage of, 71

     studies of mitochondrial DNA and, 75